Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is one of the most common and serious heart conditions worldwide. It occurs when the coronary arteries — the blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart — become narrowed or blocked due to a buildup of fatty deposits known as plaque. Over time, this reduces blood flow and can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, or even a heart attack.
CAD is often preventable with early lifestyle changes, making awareness essential.
What Causes Coronary Artery Disease?
CAD develops gradually through a process known as atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up inside the artery walls. Several factors increase the risk:
- High cholesterol levels
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Family history of heart disease
- Obesity and poor diet
- Lack of physical activity
- Chronic stress
Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease
Symptoms often appear only after significant blockage occurs. Common signs include:
- Chest pain or pressure (angina)
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue during physical activity
- Pain in the arms, neck, jaw, back, or shoulders
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
A complete blockage of a coronary artery can cause a heart attack, which requires immediate medical care.
How Is CAD Diagnosed?
Doctors use several tests to diagnose Coronary Artery Disease:
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Echocardiogram
- Exercise stress test
- CT coronary calcium scan
- Coronary angiography
- Blood tests (cholesterol, inflammation markers)
Treatment Options
Treatment aims to improve blood flow, reduce symptoms, and prevent heart attacks.
1. Lifestyle Changes
- Heart-healthy diet (low in saturated fats and sugar)
- Quitting smoking
- Regular exercise
- Stress management
- Maintaining a healthy weight
2. Medications
- Statins (lower cholesterol)
- Aspirin (reduces blood clots)
- Beta-blockers (lower heart strain)
- ACE inhibitors (manage blood pressure)
- Nitroglycerin (relieves chest pain)
3. Medical Procedures
- Angioplasty with stent – opens blocked arteries
- Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) – redirects blood flow around blockages
Prevention Tips
You can significantly reduce your risk of CAD by:
- Eating a balanced, heart-healthy diet
- Exercising regularly
- Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol
- Managing blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes
- Reducing stress and getting enough sleep
Conclusion
Coronary Artery Disease is a serious but often preventable condition. With early diagnosis, healthy lifestyle changes, and proper medical care, individuals can manage symptoms and reduce their risk of heart attack. Staying informed is the first step toward protecting your heart health.
